Effect of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans spores on induced allergic contact dermatitis in dogs.

BACKGROUND: Probiotic strains have the potential to modulate immune responses, reduce intestinal inflammation, normalize intestinal mucosal function and decrease allergic reactions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of oral probiotic supplements containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus coagulans spores on clinical symptoms, haematological factors and immune responses to allergic contact dermatitis in dogs induced by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). METHODS: DNCB was injected subcutaneously into the scapular region of 20 healthy adult dogs of both sexes, divided into four groups, to induce experimental allergic contact dermatitis. Dogs in Group 1 received food without probiotics or medication. Oral prednisolone was administered to Group 2 for 30 days at a dosage of 0.25 mg/kg every other day. The dogs in Group 3 were treated with a combination of oral prednisolone and probiotics. The dogs in Group 4 were fed daily with a mixture of 109 B. subtilis and B. coagulans bacteria for 30 days. The immune system responses and related gene expression were analysed in the treated animals. RESULTS: The administration of probiotics for 30 days resulted in a reduction in clinical symptoms and duration of wound repair. The probiotics treatment also significantly increased the serum bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It enhanced both the classic and alternative activity of the complement, as well as lysozyme activity. Additionally, the probiotics led to higher total immunoglobulin levels and significant reductions in anti-trypsin and C-reactive protein levels. Furthermore, the expression of IgE, induction of interferon-gamma and IL-4 genes were also reduced. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, B. subtilis and B. coagulans can be further investigated as a viable alternative to corticosteroids in treating allergic contact dermatitis in dogs.

Seizures in 3 juvenile dogs after intravenous anesthetic drug withdrawal during weaning from mechanical ventilation suspected to be a sign of iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To describe seizure activity in juvenile dogs successfully weaned from long-term mechanical ventilation. CASE SERIES SUMMARY: Three juvenile dogs (all approximately 3 months old) underwent long-term mechanical ventilation with IV anesthesia for suspected noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Within 24 hours of extubation and within 10 hours of discontinuing midazolam continuous infusions, all dogs experienced seizures, which is 1 sign of iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome. Each dog was treated with an anticonvulsant protocol, and none experienced seizures after being discharged. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: Each dog received IV anesthesia, including fentanyl, dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and propofol, during mechanical ventilation and subsequently experienced seizures after successful weaning from mechanical ventilation. Juvenile dogs may be at risk for seizures after weaning from mechanical ventilation and IV anesthesia. Neurological monitoring and further research into an appropriate weaning protocol may prove beneficial in juvenile dogs requiring prolonged anesthesia.

Successful treatment of a severe 5-hydroxytrytophan intoxication using carbon hemoperfusion, hemodiafiltration, and mechanical ventilation in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the successful use of carbon hemoperfusion and hemodiafiltration in combination with mechanical ventilation (MV) to treat a severe intoxication of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in a dog. CASE SUMMARY: A dog ingested a minimum of 550 mg/kg of extended-release 5-HTP, resulting in serotonin syndrome that progressed to a comatose state and severe hypoventilation requiring MV. Extracorporeal carbon hemoperfusion coupled with hemodiafiltration was performed to remove 5-HTP from this patient. A carbon hemoperfusion cartridge was placed in series upstream in the extracorporeal circuit from the hemodialyzer. A total of 46.5 L of blood (4.89 L/kg) was processed during a 4.85-hour treatment. Serial plasma samples were obtained at 0, 60, 90, and 150 minutes during the session and 14 hours after the session. These samples were later analyzed for 5-HTP and serotonin concentrations. The extraction ratio of 5-HTP was 93.6%-98.9% through the carbon filter. The dog was weaned from MV within 8 hours after extracorporeal therapy and, after a full recovery, was successfully discharged. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: Despite an extensive review of the available literature, this appears to be the first reported case of using a carbon hemoperfusion, hemodiafiltration, and MV to treat severe serotonin syndrome secondary to 5-HTP intoxication in a dog. The combination of carbon hemoperfusion and hemodiafiltration can significantly reduce plasma 5-HTP concentrations after acute intoxication and may serve to decrease morbidity and mortality in patients with severe intoxication.

Medical management of pneumoperitoneum, gastric pneumatosis, and hepatic venous gas secondary to 3% hydrogen peroxide toxicity in a dog.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the medical management and outcome of a dog suffering severe hydrogen peroxide toxicity. CASE SUMMARY: A 3-year-old neutered female Bichon Frise was presented to an emergency and referral practice after ingestion of 10-20 mL/kg 3% hydrogen peroxide. On presentation, the dog was obtunded, was tachypneic, and had severe gastric tympany. Abdominal radiographs revealed pneumoperitoneum, gastric pneumatosis, and hepatic venous gas. The dog was managed conservatively with supportive care and oxygen therapy. Repeat radiographs 6 hours later showed complete resolution of all gas inclusions. While hospitalized, the dog developed severe hematemesis, and abdominal ultrasound revealed severe gastric wall thickening. Subsequent endoscopy confirmed severe gastric mucosal necrosis without evidence of deeper ulceration and relatively mild petechiation of the esophagus. The dog was ultimately discharged after 5 days of hospitalization and continued to do well at home. Recheck ultrasound 5 weeks postdischarge showed normal gastric wall appearance. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of pneumoperitoneum secondary to hydrogen peroxide toxicity and the first description of the clinical course of severe toxicity in dogs.

Immune-mediated polyarthritis and anterior uveitis secondary to zonisamide administration in a dog with refractory epilepsy.

The objective of this article is to describe a case of suspected zonisamide-induced immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) and anterior uveitis in a dog. A 7-year-old male neutered Siberian Husky with a history of refractory idiopathic epilepsy was presented for cluster seizures. Following the addition of zonisamide to the antiepileptic regime, the dog developed new IMPA and anterior uveitis. Within a few weeks of discontinuation of the zonisamide, the dog's IMPA and anterior uveitis resolved. These immune-mediated conditions were thus presumed to be an idiosyncratic reaction to zonisamide. To our knowledge, this is the first report of IMPA and anterior uveitis in dogs associated with zonisamide administration at its recommended dose.

[Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs: Retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory diagnostic data]. / Vergiftung mit Cumarinderivaten beim Hund: Retrospektive Analyse klinischer und labordiagnostischer Daten.

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective study, patient records of dogs suffering from poisoning with coumarin derivatives were evaluated to characterize the clinical appearance more precisely. MATERIAL UND METHODS: Retrospective data analysis included 52 dogs with hemostaseologically proven anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning which were treated as inpatients at the Clinic for Small Animals between September 2011 and October 2018. RESULTS: In only 2 dogs (4%) the intake of poison could be observed with certainty. The most common clinical signs observed were reduced general behavior (79%), pallor of the mucosa (79%), anorexia (60%), and dyspnea/tachypnea (60%). In contrast, macroscopically visible internal and external bleedings occurred less frequently. Initially, all cases showed a highly altered prothrombin time and most patients a considerably prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time. Anemia was present in 75% of patients. All dogs included in the study received initially an intravenous treatment with 10 mg/kg vitamin K1. Pretreatment with 1 mg/kg prednisolone was given for prophylaxis of possible incompatibility reactions. No patient showed signs of anaphylactic reaction. Transfusions of whole blood or concentrated red cells were given to only 10 of the 52 animals; only one received 2 transfusions of erythrocytes. 94% of the animals could be discharged home for outpatient therapy after a median length of hospitalization of 3 days (1-9 days) with physiological or almost physiological coagulation test results. CONCLUSION: Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning is often associated with non-specific symptoms and good prognosis if treated adequately. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Coagulation diagnostics is always indicated in cases with unclear disorders. In life-threatening emergencies, immediate intravenous infusion of high-dose vitamin K1 is a very effective treatment and results in a rapid increase in coagulation factor activity.

Dental erosion following clopidogrel administration in a dog: A case-based study.

A 10-year-old neutered male Chihuahua presented with unilateral dental erosion that occurred after several months of oral medications mixed with honey. A pH test was performed on all oral medications administered to the dogs to determine the cause of enamel erosion. Among the medications, the only acidic medication was clopidogrel (pH 2.65). To evaluate the effect of clopidogrel on the tooth surface under the same conditions as in the present patient, an additional preliminary study was designed in which two extracted teeth of another dog were immersed in a clopidogrel-honey mixture or only in honey. After a 3-week soaking of the extracted tooth in the clopidogrel-honey mixture, field-emission scanning electron microscope analysis revealed a rougher surface, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed a reduced Ca/C ratio compared to the control tooth. In this case, prolonged exposure of the tooth surface to clopidogrel may be a cause of dental erosion.

Acute hypernatremia and hypocalcemia after oral sodium phosphate administration to a dog.

A 15-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog weighing 28 kg presented to a referral center after developing severe tremors and altered mentation. There was hypocalcemia and hypernatremia after oral administration of sodium phosphate as a bowel cleansing agent in preparation for colonoscopy. The dog was treated intravenously with low sodium fluids and calcium gluconate. Neurologic status and electrolyte derangements normalized over the next 12 hours. Oral administration of sodium phosphate appeared to cause clinical electrolyte derangements in this dog.

Perianesthetic metabolic acidosis is associated with 2% dorzolamide eye drops in dogs that underwent ophthalmic surgery: a retrospective study (2019-2022).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the administration of 2% dorzolamide ophthalmic solution in dogs undergoing ophthalmic surgery is associated with perianesthetic metabolic acidosis. ANIMALS: 60 dogs, with or without dorzolamide administration, underwent arterial blood gas analysis immediately after anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery between 2019 and 2022; a total of 60 surgeries were evaluated. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between the administration of 2% dorzolamide ophthalmic solution in dogs and the development of metabolic acidosis. Additionally, the influence of various potential risk factors, including age, body weight, sex, use of topical or systemic NSAIDs, and preoperative medications on the occurrence of metabolic acidosis, was evaluated. RESULTS: A significant association was found between the use of 2% dorzolamide ophthalmic solution and perianesthetic metabolic acidosis (OR, 6.79; 95% CI, 2.00 to 23.02; P = .002). Furthermore, topical dorzolamide administration was significantly associated with both perianesthetic hypokalemia (OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.11 to 11.20; P = .033) and perianesthetic hyperchloremia (OR, 9.25; 95% CI, 1.71 to 50.01; P = .010). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of 2% dorzolamide ophthalmic solution is associated with perianesthetic metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, and hyperchloremia in dogs. It is prudent to be aware of these risks, especially before anesthesia.

Minimal adverse events occur when inducing emesis with apomorphine in brachycephalic, mesocephalic, and dolichocephalic dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine risks of complications with emesis induction and whether facial conformation is associated with the frequency of complications. ANIMALS: 1,788 client-owned dogs that presented immediately or by referral from a primary care veterinarian following ingestion of toxic or foreign materials. METHODS: Patients with emesis induced with apomorphine for removal of toxic or foreign materials were retrospectively identified. Collected data included patient factors, routes of apomorphine administration, other therapies, adverse events, and patient outcomes. RESULTS: 2 types of complications were identified in a very small number of patients (11 [0.6%]), with 3 (0.17%) having regurgitation postemesis and 8 (0.44%) having prolonged vomiting. No significant difference was found in the rates of repeated vomiting or regurgitation between brachycephalic dogs and nonbrachycephalic dogs (P = .375 and P = 1.00, respectively). Brachycephalic dogs had 1.6 times greater odds of having emesis induction due to toxin ingestion compared to foreign material ingestion. The presence of clinical signs of toxicity at the time of emesis induction was associated with regurgitation (P < .001), and the development of regurgitation was associated with admission to hospital (P = .001). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study found no increased risk of complications when emesis was induced using apomorphine in brachycephalic breeds compared to nonbrachycephalic breeds, regardless of indication for emesis induction. Facial conformation is not a reason to withhold emesis induction.

Efficacy and tolerability of the American Heartworm Society therapeutic protocol in dogs affected by heartworm disease without caval syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The American Heartworm Society medical protocol represents the current standard of therapy for canine heartworm disease without caval syndrome. However, data on the tolerability of this protocol are limited. This study aimed to describe efficacy and prevalence of possible treatment-related side effects in dogs with heartworm disease treated using the American Heartworm Society protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this retrospective multi-centre cohort study, dogs diagnosed with classes 1 to 3 heartworm disease that completed the American Heartworm Society medical protocol were searched in four medical databases. Demographic, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and outcome data, including the number and type of possible treatment-related side effects, were retrieved. RESULTS: Thirty-five dogs were included. The median age and bodyweight were 6 years (1 to 13 years) and 17.3 kg (4.9 to 50 kg), respectively. Heartworm disease was classified as classes 1, 2 and 3 in 20 of 35, 11 of 35 and four of 35 dogs, respectively. In addition to the therapeutic recommendations of the American Heartworm Society, eight of 35 dogs underwent sedation to favour melarsomine administration, and 30 of 35 received ice at the injection site. After adulticide therapy, all dogs were hospitalised with cage rest [median time 12 hours (6 to 48 hours)]. All dogs survived the treatment. All dogs with long-term follow-up (32/35) became negative. Furthermore, treatment-related side effects were rare, mild and rapidly recovered without the need for supporting therapies; these included depression/lethargy (4/35 dogs), cough (2/35 dogs) and lameness, pain and gastrointestinal signs (1/35 dog each). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The American Heartworm Society medical protocol is efficient and safe in dogs with classes 1 to 3 heartworm disease.

Veterinary oncologists and pet owners differ in their perceptions of chemotherapy-related adverse events in cancer-bearing dogs.

OBJECTIVE: Chemotherapy is widely used in veterinary oncology but carries real and perceived risks of adverse events (AEs). Human cancer patients perceive AEs from chemotherapy as more severe than do their attending physicians. It is currently unknown whether this discrepancy exists in veterinary oncology. This survey study's aim was to assess differences in the ways that pet owners and veterinary oncologists perceive chemotherapy-related AEs. We hypothesized that veterinary oncologists would accept higher grade AEs and tolerate a greater risk of AEs of any grade than pet owners. SAMPLE: 152 pet owners and 111 veterinary oncologists. METHODS: Separate surveys were derived for pet owners and veterinary oncologists. Respondents were asked to define maximally acceptable AE scores and risks of AEs given 3 hypothetical outcomes of treatment: (1) cure, (2) extension of life, and (3) improved quality of life. Statistical tests were used to compare responses between groups. RESULTS: Veterinary oncologists accepted higher grade AEs if the hypothetical goal of chemotherapy was cancer cure (P = .003) or extension of life (P = .026), but owners accepted higher grade AEs if the goal of chemotherapy was to improve quality of life (P = .002). Owners accepted greater risk of moderate (P < .0001) or serious (P < .0001) AEs across the 3 treatment outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This was the first study to assess how pet owners and veterinary oncologists differ in their perception of chemotherapy-related AEs. These initial results may help to frame discussions with pet owners on the expectations of chemotherapy.

Spotlight on capecitabine for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic carcinoma of various origin: A retrospective study of 25 dogs.

Capecitabine, the oral prodrug of 5-fluorouracil, is indicated in people to treat various malignant epithelial cancers. In dogs, capecitabine has not been extensively evaluated. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate toxicity and preliminary efficacy of single agent capecitabine in dogs with advanced malignant epithelial cancers of any site, for which no effective therapy existed, conventional treatment failed or was declined. Capecitabine was administered orally at 750 mg/m2 from day 1 to 14, followed by 1-week rest period, given as 3-week cycles. Safety evaluation was performed after 2 cycles, and every 2-3 cycles thereafter. Tumour response was determined every 2-3 cycles. Twenty-five dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 6), lung papillary carcinoma (n = 4), anal sac adenocarcinoma (n = 3), colic adenocarcinoma (n = 2), and other individually represented epithelial cancers (n = 10) were included. Dogs received a median of 4 cycles (range, 2-43) for a median of 84 days (range, 42-913). Toxicity occurred in 17 (68.0%) dogs; the most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal, with the majority being self-resolving and of mild grade. Of the 22 dogs with macroscopic disease, 3 (13.6%) achieved partial remission, 16 (72.7%) were stable and 3 (13.6%) progressed; overall clinical benefit rate was 86.4%. Median progression-free interval was 93 days (95% CI 42-154; range, 1-521) and median tumour-specific survival was 273 days (95% CI 116-482; range 45-913). These findings suggest that capecitabine is an attractive option for the treatment of several types of carcinomas in dogs. Prospective studies are warranted to optimize the scheduling of capecitabine and confirm its efficacy.

A review of the pharmacology and clinical applications of levetiracetam in dogs and cats.

OBJECTIVE: To review and summarize the pharmacology of the antiepileptic drug (AED), levetiracetam (LEV), and to discuss its clinical utility in dogs and cats. DATA SOURCES: Veterinary and human peer-reviewed medical literature and the authors' clinical experience. SUMMARY: LEV is an AED with mechanisms of action distinct from those of other AEDs. In people and small animals, LEV exhibits linear kinetics, excellent oral bioavailability, and minimal drug-drug interactions. Serious side effects are rarely reported in any species. LEV use is gaining favor for treating epilepsy in small animals and may have wider clinical applications in patients with portosystemic shunts, neuroglycopenia, and traumatic brain injury. In people, LEV may improve cognitive function in patients with dementia. CONCLUSION: LEV is a well-tolerated AED with well-documented efficacy in human patients. Although its use is becoming more common in veterinary medicine, its role as a first-line monotherapy in small animal epileptics remains to be determined. This review of the human and animal literature regarding LEV describes its role in epileptic people and animals as well as in other disease states and provides recommendations for clinical usage.

Intranasal dexmedetomidine as premedication for magnetic resonance imaging examinations in dogs with neurological disorders mitigates hypotension and hypothermia.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of intranasal administration of dexmedetomidine as a premedication for preventing hypotension and hypothermia in canine patients undergoing MRI examinations. ANIMALS: Dogs undergoing MRI examinations for neurological disorders were enrolled in this study. The dogs were randomly assigned: 15 to the N-Dex group (without premedication) and 13 to the Dex group (125 µg/m2 of dexmedetomidine, intranasally, as a premedication). METHODS: During the examination, pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes. Body temperature was measured before and after the examination. Any adverse events during the procedure were documented. RESULTS: Significant changes in pulse rate during the examination were not distinguishable. Although blood pressure and body temperature decreased in both groups under anesthesia, dogs in the Dex group had a significantly smaller drop in blood pressure and body temperature and fewer hypotension events than those in the N-Dex group MRI examinations of 1 hour's duration. Two dogs in the Dex group exhibited bradycardia at 45 and 60 minutes of MRI examination, which resolved after receiving atipamezole. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our results indicate that intranasal administration of 125 µg/m2 of dexmedetomidine as premedication is safe and can potentially mitigate hypothermia and hypotension in dogs with neurological disorders during MRI examinations.

Adrenocortical hemorrhage following intravenous tetracosactide in a dog with hypercortisolism.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize findings from a case of adrenocortical hemorrhage following tetracosactide injection during ACTH stimulation testing for monitoring of trilostane therapy in a dog. ANIMAL: A 12-year old neutered male dog with adrenal-dependent hypercortisolism. CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES: 4 hours after ACTH stimulation testing, the patient developed vomiting, lethargy, and abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasound was performed before and after an ACTH stimulation test. Following ACTH stimulation testing, there was progressive bilateral adrenal enlargement and free abdominal fluid had developed. This was considered to be caused by adrenocortical inflammation and hemorrhage secondary to the synthetic ACTH analog, tetracosactide, used during stimulation testing. A resting cortisol performed 5 hours after tetracosactide injection was not consistent with iatrogenic hypoadrenocorticism. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: The patient was managed with analgesia, IV fluids, and corticosteroids and made a full recovery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To the authors' knowledge, this was the first reported case of adrenocortical hemorrhage following administration of a synthetic ACTH analog in a dog. This should be considered as a rare potential complication of ACTH stimulation testing.

Veterinary Psychopharmacology.

The stress response affects the central nervous system and multiple other systems in the body. Chronic mental and behavioral pathologies are associated with inflammation, dysfunctions in the immune response and an increased risk for other chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Psychiatric treatments alleviate fear, stress and anxiety, increase the qualify of life and lifespan for dogs and cats. Multiple safe psychoactive medications that can be used in association are available to help veterinary patients. Clinicians should understand the function of neurotransmitters and hormones on emotional processing, cognition and behavior, and drug mechanism of action so medication selection is appropriate for each individual patient.

Intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in 2 dogs and 2 cats with vitamin D toxicosis.

Vitamin D toxicosis can lead to severe and prolonged hypercalcemia resulting in multi-organ damage and even death. Current treatment often involves prolonged hospitalization and may require medications with potential for adverse effects. The objective of this case series was to describe reductions in serum ionized calcium concentrations following intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in vitamin D toxicosis. Two dogs and 2 cats with vitamin D toxicosis were treated with intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in addition to standard treatment regimens. Ionized hypercalcemia was lower following intravenous lipid emulsion therapy despite a more than 24-hour delay in initiating treatment in 3 of the 4 patients, and no adverse reactions were observed. Additionally, 2 of the 4 animals in this case series had long-term monitoring of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations that revealed persistent elevations at 6 d in a dog and 5 mo in a cat, despite earlier resolution of their ionized hypercalcemia. Key clinical message: This is the first documented serial report of reduction of serum ionized calcium concentrations after administration of intravenous lipid emulsion, in addition to other standard therapies, in 2 dogs and 2 cats with vitamin D toxicosis. Furthermore, a chronically elevated plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was documented in 2 of the 4 patients, including the first report in a cat. In these 2 cases, ionized calcium concentrations normalized despite persistently elevated 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations.

Thérapie par émulsion lipidique intraveineuse chez 2 chiens et 2 chats atteints de toxicose à la vitamine D. La toxicose à la vitamine D peut entraîner une hypercalcémie grave et prolongée entraînant des lésions à plusieurs organes, voire la mort. Le traitement actuel implique souvent une hospitalisation prolongée et peut nécessiter des médicaments susceptibles d'entraîner des effets indésirables. L'objectif de cette série de cas était de décrire les réductions des concentrations sériques de calcium ionisé par suite d'un traitement par émulsion lipidique intraveineuse dans le traitement de la toxicose à la vitamine D. Deux chiens et 2 chats atteints d'une toxicose à la vitamine D ont été traités par émulsion lipidique intraveineuse en plus des protocoles thérapeutiques standards. L'hypercalcémie ionisée était plus faible après un traitement par émulsion lipidique intraveineuse malgré un retard de plus de 24 heures dans le début du traitement chez 3 des 4 patients, et aucun effet indésirable n'a été observé. De plus, 2 des 4 animaux de cette série de cas ont fait l'objet d'une surveillance à long terme des concentrations de 25-hydroxyvitamine D qui ont révélé des concentrations élevées persistantes à 6 jours chez un chien et à 5 mois chez un chat, malgré une résolution plus précoce de leur hypercalcémie ionisée.Message clinique clé :Il s'agit du premier rapport documenté d'une série de réduction des concentrations sériques de calcium ionisé après l'administration d'une émulsion lipidique intraveineuse, en plus d'autres traitements standards, chez 2 chiens et 2 chats atteints de toxicose à la vitamine D. De plus, une concentration plasmatique chroniquement élevée de 25-hydroxyvitamine D a été documentée chez 2 des 4 patients, y compris le premier rapport chez un chat. Dans ces 2 cas, les concentrations de calcium ionisé se sont normalisées malgré des concentrations constamment élevées de 25-hydroxyvitamine D.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

An atypical presentation of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis in a dog.

A 5-month-old intact female Australian shepherd dog was referred to our clinic for neurologic signs including ataxia, a head tilt, and altered mentation following consumption of an unidentified rodenticide several days prior to developing clinical signs. A provisional diagnosis of bromethalin toxicosis had been made, given the neurologic signs seen and the general increased use of bromethalin-containing rodenticide products. However, on physical examination, the dog was noted to have scleral hemorrhage and bleeding at the venipuncture sites, which was inconsistent with bromethalin toxicosis. Coagulation testing was supportive of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis and the rodenticide was later identified as the first-generation anticoagulant rodenticide diphacinone. The neurologic signs seen were attributed to a coagulopathy causing multifocal hemorrhage into the central nervous system. Neurologic signs rapidly resolved following treatment with a frozen plasma transfusion and vitamin K1. This atypical presentation of an anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis highlights the need for accurate product identification, if available, and thorough patient examination and laboratory testing. An atypical presentation of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis should be considered when neurologic signs are present with clinical bleeding, especially if the type of rodenticide is unknown, or even if it was not thought to have an anticoagulant as the active ingredient. Key clinical message: Given the change in commercially available rodenticide products, this case highlights the need for accurate product identification in cases of suspected toxicosis, and the variable clinical signs that can be seen following anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis.

Présentation atypique d'une toxicose aux rodenticides anticoagulants chez un chien. Une chienne berger australien intacte âgée de 5 mois a été référée à notre clinique pour des signes neurologiques, notamment de l'ataxie, une inclinaison de la tête et une altération de l'état mental à la suite de la consommation d'un rodenticide non identifié plusieurs jours avant l'apparition des signes cliniques. Un diagnostic provisoire de toxicose à la brométhaline avait été posé, compte tenu des signes neurologiques observés et d'une utilisation historique accrue de produits rodenticides contenant de la brométhaline. Cependant, lors de l'examen physique, il a été constaté que le chien présentait une hémorragie sclérale et des saignements au niveau des sites de ponction veineuse, ce qui n'était pas cohérent avec une toxicose à la brométhaline. Les tests de coagulation ont confirmé la toxicose au rodenticide anticoagulant et le rodenticide a ensuite été identifié comme étant le rodenticide anticoagulant de première génération diphacinone. Les signes neurologiques observés ont été attribués à une coagulopathie provoquant une hémorragie multifocale du système nerveux central. Les signes neurologiques ont rapidement disparu après un traitement par transfusion de plasma congelé et de vitamine K1. Cette présentation atypique d'une toxicose aux rodenticides anticoagulants met en évidence la nécessité d'une identification précise du produit, si disponible, ainsi que d'un examen approfondi du patient et de tests de laboratoire. Une présentation atypique de toxicose des rodenticides anticoagulants doit être envisagée lorsque des signes neurologiques sont présents avec saignement clinique, en particulier si le type de rodenticide est inconnu, ou même si l'on ne pense pas qu'un anticoagulant soit l'ingrédient actif.Message clinique clé :Compte tenu de l'évolution des produits rodenticides disponibles dans le commerce, ce cas met en évidence la nécessité d'une identification précise du produit en cas de suspicion de toxicose et les signes cliniques variables qui peuvent être observés à la suite d'une toxicose au rodenticide anticoagulant.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).